सहाकारी इतिहास, वर्तमान अवस्था र सहकारी आन्दोलनमा सम्भावना

!= ljifo k|j]z

        dflg;n] kl/jf/, 3/sf ;b:o, 6f]n, l5d]s cflb ;a} ldln cfjZoStf cg';f/ ;Fu;Fu} sfd ug]{ rng dfgj sf] hGdhft ;Eotf xf] . g]kfnL ;Eotf klg oxL xf] . cd{ kd{, wd{ l9s'6L, P]+rf] k}rf], kfv'/f ;f6f;f6 h:tf cgluGtL cEof; xfdLn] ;'Gb}, ef]Ub}, cg'ej ub}{ cfof}+ . clxn] kl5Nnf lbgx?df of] k/Dk/f ufpmF 6'6]/ zx/ aGg] s|ddf >d / >d l;t ;DalGwt pTkfbg ;DaGwdf cd{ kd{ 36]sf] 5 . o; k/Dk/fnfO{ ;ª\ul7t cEof;sf] gfd ;xsf/L ePsf] 5 .

        ;xsf/L ljZj e/ df g} dfgj ;dfhdf :yflkt 5 . of] gofF s'/f xf]Og . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ?kdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;xsf/L ;+:s[lt nf]slk|o 5 . o;sf] Wo]o z'? b]lv g} dfgj hLjgsf] cfjZoStfsf d'2fx?df s]lGb|t / u'0f:t/Lo hLjgofkgsf] kIfdf jsfnt ul/ cfPsf] 5 . ;xsf/Laf6 g} u/Lla lgjf/0f / /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] cj;/ ldNb5 . kmn:j?k hLjg:t/ p7fpFb} ;fd'lxs pTkfbg, ;fd'lxs ;xeflutf / ;fd'lxs / ;dGoflos ljt/0fdf of]ubfg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljZj ahf/sf] k|j[lQdf g} ufpmFsf] pTkfbg zx/df / zx/sf k"FhLn] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;xsf/L af6 ;Dej alg /x]sf] 5 .

@= g]kfndf ;ª\ul7t ;xsf/Lsf] Oltxf;

        g]kfnsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;~rflnt ;xsf/Lsf k|j[lQx? lgDg adf]lhd zLif{sdf rNtLdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t} M u'7L, dª\sf u'7L, wd{ esf/L, kd{ cflb . oL / o:tf s[lif sd{, ;fgf] ;fgf] k"FhLsf] ;ª\sng af6 ;fgf] dg ldNbf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?aLr dfl;s ?kdf rnfOg] l9s'/L Joj:yf, dbf{ jf kbf{ cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{ cflb h:tf cgluGtL >ddf cfwfl/t of k"FhLdf cfwfl/t kf/:kl/s ;xof]u ug]{ efjgfsf pbfx/0fx? c;ª\ul7t ;xsf/Lsf pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . o:tf] cEof;x? clxn] klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf kfOG5 . o:tf] sfdx? sfg'gL ?kdf gb]lvP klg Jojxfl/s ?kdf ;d"bfoaLr k|rngdf /x]sf] e]l6G5 . o:tf pbfx/0fx? k/Dk/fut ;xsf/Lsf pbfx/0fx? x'g\  .

        lj=;+= @)!) df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljlwjt ?kdf klxnf]k6s s[lif tyf of]hgf ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t /xg] u/L ;xsf/L ljefu u7g u/]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+ @)!# df cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;xsf/L ;dfh u7g x'g'nfO{ ;xsf/L Oltxf;sf] klxnf] j}wflgs Joj:yf dflgPsf] kfOG5 . klxnf] k~r jifL{o of]hgfdf of] ;xsf/L ;dfhnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;xsf/L P]g @)!^ / lgofdfjnL @)!( dfkm{t sfg'gL :ki6tf eO{ ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] s|d nuftf/ hf/L /Xof], slxn] s[lif pTkfbg / slxn] jrt k|j[lQ a9fpg] eGb} a}ª\s, s[lif dGqfno cflb cflbnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbb}+ x's{fOP klg o;sf] d'Vo nIo eg] cfly{s ?kdf sdhf]/, ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psf / ;f:+s[lts ?kn] ;d'Ggt agfpg of]ubfg lbg ;xsf/L-;femf_ sf] sfd /lx cfPsf] xf] . of] ;xsf/L ;+:yf /fHo lgolGqt lyof] .

        @)$^÷)$&sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 lj=;+= @)$*df ;xsf/L P]g hf/L eof] / o; kl5 g} g]kfndf hg:t/af6 ;xsf/L ;+:yf vf]Ng kfpg], sfg'g adf]lhd kl/rfng ug{ kfpg] Pjd\ ;–;fgf uhf]{ ePsf p2]Zo ldn]sf ;d"xx? ldn]/ cf–cfk\mgf ;d:ofsf] xn cfk}+m xn ug{ kfpg] a}wflgstf k|fKt eof] . o;af6 yf]/} cjlwdf xhf/f}+sf ;+Vofdf jrt tyf C0f sf/f]af/ ug]{ u/L ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? v'n] . tfTsflng ;/sf/L k|aGwn] ufFpm ufpFmdf ;xsf/L, 3/ 3/df /f]huf/L, ufFpm ufpFmdf ;xsf/L, 3/ 3/df esf/L h:tf gf/fx? dfk{mt ;xsf/Ldf nfUg, ;ª\ul7t x'g k|]l/t u¥of] . kmn:j?k g]kfnL hg;+Vofsf] s/La b'O ltxfO hg;+Vof s'g} g s'g} gfd / sfdsf ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cfa4 eP / clwsf+z ls|ofzLn eP . o;df pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;xsf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof gu0o / jrt tyf C0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;+Vof cToflws b]lvof] . o;l/ ;xsf/Lx?sf] k|f/lDes ;+:yfsf] ;+Vof g} #%))) eGbf a9L ePsf] tYofª\sx? b]lvg yfn] .

        d'n's åGbdf km;] kl5 a}ª\sx? s]Gb|lt/ s]lGb|t x'g yfn] . hgtf b}glGbgsf] uhf]{  tyf ;–;fgf Jofkf/ Joj;foLsf] cfly{s cefj 6fg]{ sf]xL ePg . o;l/ o:tf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf ;fgf] k"FhLn] ;xof]u ug]{ lgsfo ;xsf/L dfq hgtfsf] nflu ;f/yLsf] ?kdf pleof] . åGåaf6 d'n's zfGtL k"0f{ cj:yfdf ?kfGt/0f kl5 ag]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# af6 ;xsf/L ;+:yf b]z ljsf;sf] tLg j6f vDaf dWo] Ps vDaf xf] eGg] :jLsf/ ul/of] . bzf}+ tLg jifL{o of]hgfn] ;xsf/LnfO{ Ps cnUu} cWofo /fvL o;sf sfdx? ;+ul7t u¥of] . o;n] ;xsf/Lsf] e'ldsf emg\ a9\of] . o; kl5 g} d'n's df hgtfnfO{ a}lª\sª\ If]qn] eGbf a9L cfly{s of]ubfg ;xsf/Ln] lbg yfNof] . o2lk GDP df pNn]lvt of]ubfg lbg ;s]sf] lyPg . of] s/La -#–%_Ü of]ubfgdf ;Lldt /Xof] . of] of]ubfg b/ jif]{gL a9\bf] b/df al9 /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

        ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ nfu' eP kl5 klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] ;xsf/L ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] lg/Gt/tf 5 . clxn] cfP/ vf; ul/ jrt tyf C0f sf/f]af/ ul//x]sf s]xL ;~rfnsx?n] ;xsf/L If]qnfO abgfd u/fPsf pbfx/0f kfOPsf 5g\ . ds} kf]n]/ hDdf ul/Psf, ;f–;fgf gfª\nf] k;n yfk]/ sdfPsf /sdx? hDdf u/]sf jrt stf{x?sf /sdx? s"DNofP/ ;xsf/Lsf gfddf 7uL wGbf ug]{ n'6]/fx?n] o; If]qsf] abgfd u/fPsf pbfx/0f kfOPsf 5g\ . tL;f}+ xhf/ ;xsf/L s]xL ;o ;xsf/Ln] abdf;L u/]sf] lgx'Fdf l;ª\uf] ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ k|of; ;xsf/L lj/f]wLx?sf] hf/L 5 .

$= ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf ^* jif{x?

        ;xsf/L emns @)&& sf cg';f/ b]z e/ hDdf @(,*^^ j6f 5g\ . h;df dlxnf M $),(@,#(% hgf, k"?if M #@,!%,@^*hgf ul/ hDdf &#,)&,$^@ hgf gful/sx? cfa2 5g\ . s'n z]o/ k"FhL ?=($,!),%),!%,*)# 5 . jrt /sd ?=$,&&,(^,!!,$^,$&# / s'n C0f nufgL ?=$,@^,@^,@#,!!,#*! 5 . k|ToIf /f]huf/ kfPsf hgzlQmsf] ;+Vof **,#)( hgf /x]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L emns,@)&& -k[i7 @(_

        /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;f]X|f}+= of]hgfdf k|:t't tYofª\s cg';f/ cf= jif{ @)&(÷)*)df b]z e/ #!,%)) j6f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? ;~rfngdf 5g\ -k[i7 $!_ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?df ;b:o ;+Vof lqxQ/ nfv eGbf a9L 5 . s'n z]o/ k"FhL ($ c/a , jrt ;+sng $ v/a, &* c/a / shf{ nufgL $ v/a &* s/f]8 u/]sf 5g\  k|ToIf /fhuf/Ldf (# xhf/ eGbf a9L hgzlQm sfo{/t 5g\ . o; dWo] dlxnf ;xeflutf %^ k|ltzt 5 .

        o; of]hgfn] ;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGt, gLlt, lgod / dfkb08df ;~rfng ug{, ;xsf/Ldf :jlgodg / ;'zf;gsf] clea[l4 ug{, ;xsf/Lsf] nufgL / shf{ k|jfx pTkfbg tyf /f]huf/L a9fpg] af/]df s]lGb|t ug{, ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] jrt hf]lvddf kg]{ cj:yfsf] cGTo ug{ h:tf ;jfn tyf r'gf}ltx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ atfPsf] 5 .

        o;} u/L ;f]X|f}= of]hgf @)*!÷*@–@)*%÷*^_sf] d'n's ?kfGt/0f ug]{ gLltdf ;xsf/L If]qaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf] of]ubfgsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] 5 M

!_ ;xsf/L l;t /x]sf] ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ljQLo dWo:ytf eGbf pTkfbgzLn sfo{df nufpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

@_ jrt tyf C0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;xsf/LnfO{ :jlgodg / ;'zf;g k|a4{gdf s8fO{ ug]{ .

#_ ;xsf/Lsf] ljQLo sf/f]af/sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb|, jrt tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]if tyf l:y/Ls/0f sf]if sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng u/L gful/ssf jrt tTsfn lkmtf{ ug{ ;Sg]    kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ . cfGtl/s n]vf k|0ffnL Pjd\ tYofª\s ;ª\sng / ljZn]if0fnfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xsf/L Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .-pxL k[i7 $&_      ;f]X|f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf n] ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;'wf/ sfo{s|dsf] nflu lgDg k|d'v sfo{ tf]s]sf] 5M

!_ ;xsf/Lsf] juL{s/0f, PsLs/0f / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug]{ .

@_ ;xsf/Lsf] cfGtl/s n]vf kl/If0f ;'b[9Ls/0f Pjd\ k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ .

#_ ;xsf/L ;~rfngdf Joj:yfksLo ;Lk Pjd\ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

$_ jrt tyf C0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;xsf/Lsf] jf;nft cfwf/df lgofdsLo Joj:yfkg ug]{,

%_ pTkfbgd"ns ;xsf/Lsf] pTkfbg, a|fl08ª\u / ahf/;Fu cfa4tf ug]{,cflb . -pxL k[i7 %$_ o; of]hgfn] ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'lxs v]tL sf] ;fy} au/ v]tL k|a4{g tyf lj:tf/ / h}ljs s[lif pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg] eg]sf] 5 . -pxL k[i7 **_ .

^= ;xsf/L P]gdf kl/dfh{g @)*!

        e/v/} ;lsPsf] lxpFb] ;+;b clwj];gn] ;xsf/L P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L ljefu kl/jt{g u/L ;xsf/L k|flws/0f agfPsf] 5 . jrt tyf shf{ gLltdf l;lnª\u tf]s]sf] 5 . d"ntM lagf lwtf] shf{ nufgL a9Ldf # nfv dfq ug'{ kg]{ egL lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . shf{ gltg]{ ;b:ox?nfO{ sfnf] ;"rLdf /fvL shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb|df hfgsf/Lu/fP kl5 o;n] /fHo tx af6 k|bfg x'g] ;a} ;'ljwfx?sf l;kmfl/; /f]Sg] b]lv 3/ 3/fgf shf{ c;'nLdf kxnsbdL lnO{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lg0f{o adf]lhd sfo{jfxL ug]{ h:tf sfg'gx? th'{df u/]sf] 5 . o;l/ C0f lnP/ C0f ltg{ c6]/Lx? k|lt s8fO ug]{ k|lta4tf cfPsf] 5 .

^ /fli6«o of]hgf l;t k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;xh

        k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?df clxn] lgDgfg';f/sf r'gf}lt b]lvPsf 5g\ M

r'gf}ltx?

!_ ;fd'lxstf, Jofj;flostf / ;xeflutfsf] r'gf}lt

@_ ;fd'lxs hdfgtdf lbOPsf] shf{ c;'nLdf !))Ü agfpg r'gf}lt

#_ s[lif pTkfbgsf] sfo{df ;fd'lxs ;xeflutfdf sdhf]/ ;xeflutfsf] r'gf}lt

$_ ;+:yfsf] Joj;fodf ;b:ox?sf] sdhf]/ ;xeflutfsf] r'gf}lt

cj;/x?

k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?df s]xL cj;/ ;d]t l;h{gf ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . h:t} M

!_ dg ldNg] hlt ;b:ox? ldn]/ Jofj;los sfd ug]{ / cfo:t/ lj:tf/ ug]{ .

@_ ;+:yfsf] Joj;fonfO{ ;fy lbO{ pTkfbg pkef]u ug]{ / ;+:yfut gfkmfsf] c+lzof/ x'g]

#_ lghL pTkfbgd"ns sfdsf nflu shf{ lnO{ cfk'm;lxt kl/jf/sf] ;fy lnO{ cfo cfh{g ug]{ / :j/f]huf/ aGg] .

$_ ;d'x, ;fd'lxstfsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L ;fd'lxs ?kd} cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fdf ;xefuL aGg]

%_ lgoldt jrt stf{ tyf shf{ sf/f]af/sf] lgoldt Jojxf/af6 cfk'm klg ;Ddflgt x'g] / ;b:o ;fyLx?sf nflu ;d]t ;xof]uL aGg] .

        ^* cf} /fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj; do{flbt ;xsf/L, ;d'Ggt ;dfh eGg] gf/f lnP/ cfh b]ze/ dgfO{b}5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 n] klxnf] k6s ;g\ @)!@ dfcGt/fli6«o ;xsf/L jif{ dgfPsf] lyof] . o;sf] cGt//fli6«o gf/f ;xsf/L Joj;fon] g} ljZj ;d'Ggt kfb{5 eGg] /x]sf] lyof] . of] jif{ -;g\ @)@%_ nfO{ klg ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 n] bf]>f] k6s cGt/fli6«o ;xsf/L jif{ dgfpg] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;xsf/Ln] g} dfgj ;EotfnfO{ ;d'Ggt agfpF5 eGg] d"n ;Gb]z /x]sf] 5 .

        ;xsf/L OdfGbf/, jkmfbf/, kf/bzL{, :jfjnDaL, :jlge{/, cfTdljZjf;L, kf/:kl/s ;xof]uL efjgf ePsf dflg;x?sf] ;fd'lxs p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;d"x g} ldn]/ ;femf k|of;df ;xefuLx? ;a}sf] gfkmfsf nflu ul/g] Joj;flos ;ª\u7g xf] . o;df gfkmf ;Lldt x'G5 . o;df xfdLn] u¥of}+, xfdL ug{ ;S5f} eGg] cfTd uf}/j ug]{] ;+u7g xf] . ldn]/ sfd ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug'{ klg o;sf] st{Jo x'G5 . ;b:osf] cfly{s ;'wf/, ;fdflhs ;DaGw ;'wf/ / ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0f ug]{ d'Vo nIo o; leq /x]sf] x'G5, x'g' kb{5 .

        xfdL ;a}nfO{ of] cfly{s ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0f dxfg nIo k|fKtLdf, ;xsf/L dfkm{t cj;/ k|fKtLsf] ofqfdf nfUg k|]/0ff ldn]s} 5 . ;a} ;xsf/LsdL{ oxL af6f]df nfUg clek|]l/t agf}+ . ho ;xsf/L .